@misc{oai:niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00006032, author = {Fan, Qiang}, month = {Mar}, note = {Compared with other international language institutes, such as British Council, Francise Alliance and the Goethe Institute, the CIs encountered more adversarial environments. Different from these institutes, the CIs have much closer engagement with local stakeholders, namely directly depend on the cooperation of the host universities. The CIs program is a social relationship platform connecting multiple Chinese and overseas stakeholders. We could not make precise analysis on the reasons why some CIs were closed without taking insight into the interactions or communications among these stakeholders. In this research, 6 case studies are provided to analyze the stakeholder communications and the change of their interest by introducing the stakeholder theory. The aim of this research is to explain why different CIs in similar adversarial environments had totally different endings. The existing literature focuses on two explanations for this question. First, the bilateral political relations between China and the host countries determine the development of the CIs. But this idea could not explain the CIs in some countries who have experienced hostile bilateral relations with China. For example, in recent years, China has experienced political confrontation with Japan and Philippines due mainly to marine territorial disputes. The mutual visits between top officials of China and Japan, as well as China and Philippines have been suspended. As a representative of China’s public diplomacy, the CIs in Japan and Philippines have encountered adversarial environments. However, the CIs not only survived, such as the Ritsumeikan CI in Japan and the CI at Angeles University Foundation in Philippines, but thrived, achieving outstanding performances. Why? Second, the economic interest linkage between Hanban and the host institutions is the decisive factor for the survival of the CIs. According to this logic, as long as there was a continuing economic interest, the CIs would survive. However, this logic cannot explain some failed cases. For example, in the case of the CIUC, the grants that Hanban provides to the CIUC were much higher than those to other CIs, but the CIUC was closed. As for the case of the CI at McMaster University and the CI at Toronto Public District Board, these two host institutions cherished the Chinese grants, but these two CIs did not survive in the petitions. However, the CI at New South Wales Education Department survived. Therefore, it is safe to say that the economic interest is important but not the primary factor for the survival of the CIs. More should be explored about the operation of the CIs. In addition, the empirical studies, especially complete case studies, are severely lacking. To overcome these problems, I will take the 6 CIs to make case studies and an approach of stakeholder would be employed in this thesis., After the analysis on the 6 selected case studies, this paper argues that the fact of the stakeholder communications lagging behind the change of their interest plays a decisive role in determining the survival of the CIs. The following explanations would be helpful for us to have further understandings of this basic argument. (1). An individual program of the public diplomacy in the adversarial environment would undermine the overall performances of the public diplomacy of the initiating countries. Therefore, the survival of an individual public diplomacy program in the adversarial environment should not be neglected. (2). The route how the adversarial environment affect the public diplomacy is as following : the adversarial environment would change the hierarchy of the stakeholder interests and then highlight the role of the stakeholder communications in maintaining the converging primary interest. The converging primary interest of the Chinese and overseas stakeholders would begin to diverge, if the stakeholder communication could not match up the pace with their interest dynamics, thus leading to the closure of the CIs. On the contrary, the positive stakeholder communication would be helpful in keeping the primary interest converging, thus guaranteeing the survival of the CIs. (3). The practice of public diplomacy should be started from indentifying qualified foreign partners with high positivity. The more effective stakeholder communication can only be realized among the stakeholders sharing the similar primary interest. In other words, the establishment and development of the CI are based on the converging primary stakeholder interest among the Chinese and overseas stakeholders. Therefore, the first step for the stakeholder communication is to identify the qualified overseas stakeholders who shared higher primary interest on the market value of the CIs. (4). There are two main problems for China`s official agencies in promoting public diplomacy. First, they always neglect the condition of the overseas stakeholder when make communication with domestic stakeholders. The poor stakeholder communication between the host universities and Hanban would lead to mutual discrepancy on the primary interest and the closure of the CIs. It would be wiser for the Chinese stakeholder to take the condition of the overseas stakeholder into consideration when make domestic communication. Second, they have been used to putting emphasis on some key stakeholders, such as the administration of the host university, while neglecting other stakeholders, such as the faculty members of the CIs inside the host university. It is still widely believed that the administration of the host university dominates the CIs in China. While the role of the faculty members inside the host university is easily to be neglected. Therefore, it is necessary to make full communications with more stakeholders such as the faculty members, rather than focusing on the administration of the host university alone., 学位の種類: 博士(学術). 報告番号: 甲第4458号. 学位記番号: 新大院博(学)甲第92号. 学位授与年月日: 平成30年3月23日, 新大院博(学)甲第92号}, title = {Promoting Public Diplomacy in Adversarial Environment : A Stakeholder Approach to the Survival of the Confucius Institutes (CIs)}, year = {2018} }