@misc{oai:niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00005282,
 author = {Kinefuchi, Kenjiroh},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {Urodele amphibians are unique because they have a much lower capacity of immune responsiveness than bony fishes that possess acute immune responsiveness. Thus, in newts the mean survival time of allogeneic skin grafts in the transplantation immunity was 48.8 ± 8.3 days in a chronic manner at 25℃. The graft rejection process was categorized into three stages: a latent stage with frequent blood circulation, or the immune induction phase, a vascular stoppage stage with dominant infiltrating cells of T cells, and a rejection stage showing the change of the dominant cells to monocytes/macrophages, probably as effector cells, temporarily referred to as the immune effector phase. The immune induction phase is susceptible for the cyclophosphamide (CY) mitosis inhibitor, but not for the temperature shift from 18 to 27℃, while the immune effector phase is susceptible for the temperature shift but not for the CY-treatment, although the temperature shift failed to shorten the graft survival time to less than 25 days, which almost equals that of the secondary set of grafts where the lack of complete blood circulation is remarkable and graft rejection is resistant to CY-treatment. On the other hand, a very low temperature (5-10℃) completely prevented the effector generation in newts; in frogs, however, it is reported that such a low temperature did not prevent the generation of effectors. Taken together, the data suggests that chronic responses in newts are due to effector cells other than cytotoxic T cells, and thus possible effector cells are discussed., Urodele amphibians, which possess a high potency of tissue and organ regeneration, are unique in their inferior immune responsiveness to evolutionally lower classes of fishes. To explore the physio-cytological basis for their poor immune responsiveness, I surveyed the dynamism of the graft rejection process in transplantation immunity using Japanese newts and Asiatic salamanders in comparison with several species of frogs. The mean survival times (MSTs) of the allografts in the primary responses at 20℃ are around 60 and 20 days in urodeles and anuras, respectively, and MST was significantly shortened in the secondary responses to 40 and 10 days in urodeles and anuras, respectively. However, MSTs in the anamnestic secondary responses were not further shortened even when repeatedly grafted from identical donors, suggesting that no major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated responses by lymphocytes are engaged in. Responsiveness against xenogeneic grafts was also investigated in amphibians, where in mammals, xenografts are generally destroyed and rejected by natural killer (NK) cells in an accelerated acute manner under the MHC-class I molecule's control. The obtained results were prominent with a strong contrast of accelerated acute responses in frogs to chronic responses in urodeles. Thus, urodeles show quite poor immune system of MHC-mediated responses: lack of acute responsiveness in both primary and secondary sets of allografts, even xenografts, and of allo-aggression. Finally I estimated the numbers of conventional or weak histocompatibility antigens on the allografts to be five, and surprisingly part is shared with those on the xenografts. The uniqueness in the inferiority of the immunological natures of newts was discussed with respect to their very low tumorigenesis and strong regeneration properties., 新潟大学大学院自然科学研究科, 平成23年3月23日, 新大院博（理）甲第334号, 新大院博（理）甲第334号},
 title = {Chronic transplantation immunity in Japanese newts, urodele amphibian},
 year = {2011}
}