@article{oai:niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00027283,
 author = {Koyama, Yoji},
 journal = {新潟大学経済論集, 新潟大学経済論集},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {People simultaneously have several kind of identity such as personal identity, social identity, collective identity, etc. hierarchically. With historical development, people can have transnational identities. In the case of Finish people, for example, they are 'Nordic people', 'people in the Baltic Sea', 'EU citizen', etc. The former Yugoslavia, a multi-national state, conducted an experiment to create a nation 'Yugoslav', which should have risen above ethnicity. Unfortunately, however, this experiment has failed. In my opinion, the causes of the ethnicity conflicts in the former Yugoslavia should not be exclusively ascribed to the religious and ethnicity cleavages. Such cleavages do not necessarily result in ethnicity conflicts. In the world there are many multi-national states where serious ethnicity conflicts have not occurred. Among various factors, economic ones are most important in the Yugoslav case. In this connection, I would like to draw attention to Professor Ken'ichi Ohno's proposition. Japan has been regarded as an island country where a single nation 'Japanese' live. However, this view belongs to a myth. In old times a part of the ancestors came from northern continent, and another part came from south to the Japan islands. Still now differences remain in languages, life style, etc. Although the standard Japanese is spoken in official lives, broadcast and instruction in schools, a variety of dialects is spoken in daily lives. Their differences are very big. If they are counted as peculiar languages, more than 10 languages are spoken in Japan. With a fierce civil war in 1868 as the last one, fortunately enough, Japan has not had a civil war. Since then Japanese people have shared many hardships as well as happy experiences and have gradually fortified identity 'Japanese'.},
 pages = {1--12},
 title = {Comparison of National Identity in the Former Yugoslavia and Japan : Consideration on Causes of Ethnicity Conflicts in the 1990s (小澤健二教授・高津斌彰教授・西澤輝泰教授・林英機教授・平木俊一教授退職記念号)},
 volume = {82},
 year = {2007}
}