@article{oai:niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00026564, author = {中島, 伸子 and 田中, 優理}, issue = {1}, journal = {新潟大学教育学部研究紀要 人文・社会科学編, 新潟大学教育学部研究紀要 人文・社会科学編}, month = {Oct}, note = {Previous studies have shown that young children are overall more optimistic than older children and adults in that they believe negative physical and psychological traits can change in an extremely positive direction through maturity or increased age. We call this type of optimism” naive optimism”. In a series of two studies of 74 Japanese participants from four age groups (preschool, grades 1, 2, and 3) in Study 1 and 24 Japanese young children from two age groups (4-year-olds and 5-year-olds) in Study 2, it was showed that young children's optimism differed from that of older children and adults, which was called “effort-dependent optimism” and the belief that negative traits could be improved in a somewhat better direction through personal effort or practice.}, pages = {55--66}, title = {望ましくない特性の変容可能性についての信念の発達 : 幼児期の素朴楽天主義から児童期の努力依存の楽天主義への移行}, volume = {10}, year = {2017} }