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We call this type of optimism\u201d naive optimism\u201d. In a series of two studies of 74 Japanese participants from four age groups (preschool, grades 1, 2, and 3) in Study 1 and 24 Japanese young children from two age groups (4-year-olds and 5-year-olds) in Study 2, it was showed that young children\u0027s optimism differed from that of older children and adults, which was called \u201ceffort-dependent optimism\u201d and the belief that negative traits could be improved in a somewhat better direction through personal effort or practice.", "subitem_description_type": "Abstract"}]}, "item_7_full_name_3": {"attribute_name": "\u8457\u8005\u5225\u540d", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "156597", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}], "names": [{"name": "Nakashima, Nobuko"}]}, {"nameIdentifiers": [{"nameIdentifier": "156598", "nameIdentifierScheme": "WEKO"}], "names": [{"name": "Tanaka, Yuri"}]}]}, "item_7_publisher_7": {"attribute_name": "\u51fa\u7248\u8005", "attribute_value_mlt": [{"subitem_publisher": 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