@article{oai:niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00022347,
 author = {大沢, 哲雄 and 中村, 章 and 照沼, 正博 and 川上, 芳明 and 西山, 勉},
 issue = {4},
 journal = {新潟医学会雑誌, 新潟医学会雑誌},
 month = {Apr},
 note = {We have performed percutaneous removal of kidney and ureter stones (percutaneous nephrolithotomy=PNL or PCNL) in 115 renoureteral units of 113 patients from May 1985 through December 1988. Removal was successful for 75.9% of the ureteral stones (29 cases), 90.6% of small (<2 cm) single stones (32 cases), 78.6% of large (≧2 cm) single stomes (14 cases), 36.4% of staghorn calculi (11 cases) and 44.8% of multiple or caliceal diverticule stones (29 cases). Percutaneous techniques were effective methods to handle the majority of renal and upper ureteral calculi. These techniques will continue to be as complemental but important methods when extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) becomes more widespread in Japan. Evolution and complications of the techniques discussed.},
 pages = {287--295},
 title = {内視鏡的尿路結石摘出術(経皮的腎・尿管結石摘出術)},
 volume = {104},
 year = {1990}
}