@article{oai:niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp:00002019,
 author = {Gao, Lidi and Kano, Naoki and Imaizumi, Hiroshi},
 issue = {12},
 journal = {Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {The concentration and chemical speciation of heavy metals including REEs (rare earth elements), Th (thorium) and U (uranium) in domestic sludge and electroplating sludge were investigated, and those of the domestic sludge were compared with those of natural soil. Removal of heavy metals in electroplating sludge was studied with bio-surfactants (saponin and sophorolipid) by batch and column experiments. The results suggested that heavy metals have greater concentrations and exist as more relatively unstable fraction in sludge than those in Natural soil. Nonionic saponin is more efficient than sophorolipid for the removal of heavy metals from the electroplating sludge, and mainly reacts with carbonate state (i.e., F3) and Fe-Mn oxide state (i.e., F5) fractions. The recovery efficiency of heavy metals in leachates from the electroplate sludge was attained 88%-97%. Saponin can be reused and be a promising and cost-effective material for the removal of heavy metals in sludge.},
 pages = {1188--1202},
 title = {Concentration and Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Sludge and Removal of Metals by Bio-surfactants Application},
 volume = {7},
 year = {2013}
}